Where Does 5G Fit in the Connectivity Ecosystem?
Image Source:
IRINA SHI/shutterstock.com
By Sravani Bhattacharjee for Mouser Electronics
Published January 21, 2020
A great percentage of American households are expected to have 4K- and 8K-capable televisions as it becomes more
readily available and cost effective. Wired
broadband can support 4K/8K video streaming in homes, but it can't support data-thirsty apps on the go.
For that, much of the world is banking on Fifth Generation (5G) networks. In 5G cellular networks, the peak data
rates are 10 gigabits per second (Gbps), which means downloading a 1.2 gigabyte (GB) ultra-high-definition (UHD)
movie would require less than a second. Compared to its 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP™)
predecessors (2G and 3G/4G LTE), 5G's expanded capacity is a big step forward in mobile connectivity.
Much like Moore's law for computers, Nielson's law of internet bandwidth predicts that bandwidth usage will
increase by 50 percent every year. To help keep up with this exponential rise in bandwidth requirements, 5G
wireless will need to deliver.
As device manufacturers and application developers prepare for 5G-capable products and services, it is important
to assess the applicability of 5G in their respective use cases. The enormous promise of 5G as an
ultra-low-latency broadband wireless technology must be gauged in relation to other technologies in the
connectivity ecosystem. For example, several product categories exist for which 5G networks may not be a
realistic choice. Price over performance is a crucial consideration when determining whether to adopt 5G over
other connectivity options.
This article helps systems engineers evaluate the viability of 5G in the existing connectivity ecosystem.
What Distinguishes 5G Connectivity?
We have moved into an era dominated by cloud-based, connected applications. Every vertical industry is
transitioning to service models in which the essential functions are dispensed from the cloud. This shift forces
us to think differently about connectivity.
That’s where 5G fits in. The 5G standards provide a totally new framework for connectivity. In that sense, 5G
paves a disruptive evolutionary path for existing connectivity concepts.
In addition to using spectrum in the existing Long-Term Evolution (LTE) range, 5G uses unlicensed spectrum in the
millimeter wave (mmWave) bands. According to an article in IEEE Spectrum entitled "5G Bytes: Millimeter Waves
Explained," mmWaves, broadcast in the 30 to 300 gigahertz (GHz) frequency range, provide much higher bandwidths
than the spectrums of former generations along with the added benefit of lower latencies. However, the mmWaves
(1 to 10mm in length) cannot travel easily through buildings and other obstacles and are easily absorbed by
rain, foliage, etc. One way to counter the mmWave propagation issues is with the use of 5G small cells. Compared
to traditional cell sites, small cells are much smaller in size, more power efficient, and are becoming more
affordable. Due to their inherent spectrum efficiency, small cells also increase wireless capacity to connect
more "things" and data traffic.
A few other factors distinguish 5G networks in the digital landscape (Figure 1).
Figure 1: This snapshot diagram captures the 5G connectivity performance
metrics. (Source: Mouser Electronics)
Ubiquitous Connectivity
The adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) is already ramping up across all industry verticals. The IoT
currently connects physical devices such as sensors, actuators, pumps, and cars. Billions of such devices will
need network connectivity in the coming years to be able to communicate reliably with cloud-based services.
Increased
capacity from 5G small cells technology can support IoT devices and machine-to-machine (M2M) connectivity at a
massive scale. Compared with 4G LTE, 5G offers 1,000 times more bandwidth per unit area, 10,000 times more
traffic, and 100 times more connected devices per unit area.
Real-Time Performance
As the IoT hits industrial scale, connectivity must support applications such as remote control of machines,
drones and robotics applications, time-sensitive industrial control loops, driverless car navigation, remote
surgery, and more. For these mission-critical applications, high bit rates are not enough. To achieve real-time
performance, latencies must also be very low. 5G standards extend broadband wireless services beyond mobile
internet capacity to IoT applications that require ultra-reliable, fast, and mission-critical communications.
Energy Efficiencies
Whereas 4G is primarily a mobility solution, 5G (in addition to enhancing mobility) caters to fixed wireless and
industrial IoT applications where devices operate in rugged environments, have a limited power supply, and run
for decades. That’s why 5G is designed for up to a 90 percent reduction in power usage compared with 4G and up
to 10 years of battery life for IoT devices.
Security and Reliability
Relatively speaking, communication over wireless connectivity is easier to intercept and more susceptible to
man-in-the-middle attacks. In IoT use cases, low-power wireless connectivity is prone to bit rate errors and
connection drops. The robust design of 5G is expected to offer 99.999 percent availability and include mutual
authentication, local secure elements, Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption, and over-the-air (OTA)
firmware updates for 5G electronics. Much like virtual machines on virtualized hardware platforms, 5G network
resources can be segmented into "network slices." 5G network slicing enables service providers to build virtual,
application-specific, end-to-end networks that offer additional security.
Mapping 5G Networks in the Connectivity Landscape
Excitement about the 5G rollout does not necessarily translate to deprecating (or sunsetting) existing
technologies. In fact, ongoing innovations in time-sensitive networks (next-generation of Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE] 802.1 Ethernet); low-power, wide-area networks (LPWANs); Wi-Fi; and
long range (LoRa®) technologies are gaining traction as well.
Even after 5G standards are rolled out at mass scale, 5G technology will coexist with other technologies for the
foreseeable future. In many scenarios, 5G technology will complement those technologies.
Fiber Optics and Fixed Broadband
The study "Communications Infrastructure Upgrade: The Need for Deep Fiber," published in 2017 by Deloitte, shows
that only 11 percent of internet traffic is carried over wireless connections, while 90 percent of the traffic
traverses wired networks. Fiber optic networks offer high throughput and bandwidth with low latencies over long
distances. In terms of bandwidth and speed, 5G wireless and fiber optics are comparable technologies. However,
as connectivity solutions, these technologies are less competing and more complementary. In fact, the quality
and reliability of 5G networks would depend on fiber-based wireline networks for backhaul transport of traffic
between the small cells.
In smart homes and offices, 5G small cell access points can enhance indoor-coverage fiber and coaxial cable-based
broadband internet solutions. The speed and flexibility of 5G wireless may replace legacy wireline networks in
industrial and city infrastructures. In data center infrastructures and cloud computing servers, however, where
the robustness and maturity of wireline technologies are critical, fiber optic and fixed Ethernet technologies
will continue to dominate.
LPWANs
The desired capabilities of LPWAN technologies for IoT applications are:
- Device chipsets with low-processing and transmission power as well as a battery life exceeding 10 years to
support long-term usage.
- Extended coverage (more than 10km suburban; more than 5km urban) with good penetration in buildings and
basements.
- Device abilities to send small bursts of data intermittently, so the supported data rates are low (0.3
bits per second [bps] to 50 kilobits per second [Kbps]—typically, approximately 10 kilobytes per day
[KBpd]).
- Secure data transmissions with low total costs of ownership.
LPWAN technologies are already prevalent in IoT edge deployments, where many low-cost IoT devices (such as
sensors and meters) are spread over extended areas in operational environments. LPWAN adoption is expected to
grow across global IoT markets over the coming years, even when 5G wireless is ready for commercial use. LPWAN
technologies cater to use cases where 5G’s high data rates and low latencies are less compelling.
These generic requirements have been implemented in several LPWAN technologies. Here’s a quick roundup of common
LPWAN technologies in the context of 5G connectivity:
Narrowband-IoT
Narrowband (NB)-IoT transmissions are designed using a more limited bandwidth, and hence are more energy
efficient. NB-IoT user devices are designed for ultra-low complexity and cost less. NB-IoT has a significant
spectrum efficiency. It can connect up to 50,000 devices per cell. NB-IoT can penetrate buildings and
underground areas (offering 20dB or more coverage indoors) and are suitable for smart city applications with
static assets.
Sigfox®
Sigfox is a proprietary technology that has already penetrated European markets and is supported by many
electronics vendors. Sigfox uses a slow modulation rate for extended coverage. It is suitable for applications
such as smart parking sensors, smart garbage cans, and utility meters, where the low-cost devices need to upload
small, infrequent bursts of data to IoT gateways.
LTE for Machines
LTE for Machines (LTE-M) is a relatively recent innovation, and its power efficiency is still under evaluation.
It can piggyback over existing 4G-LTE connectivity (and can evolve to be 5G compatible) to support roaming for
mobile IoT assets like vehicles and drones. LTE-M electronics are among the most expensive options because they
can offer data rates higher than other LPWAN options. Data-rich applications in the IoT edge can benefit from
LTE-M.
LoRa
LoRa is a long range, low power, low data rate connectivity standard from the Lora Alliance™. LoRa is
designed to
enable large network operators to offer subscription-based LPWAN services. LoRa uses the unlicensed spectrum
(sub-GHz radio frequency; e.g., 915MHz in North America) but relies on an additional layer of security because
LoRa devices do not use subscriber identification modules (SIMs) or machine identification modules (MIMs) for
device authentications or encryptions.
5G networks and LPWAN can be expected to complement each other in various end-to-end IoT deployments. For
example, in the case of a remote surgery, the time-sensitive nature of communication requires real-time data
transmissions. Scenarios like this are where low-latency 5G cellular networks fit. However, a remote surgery
also involves sensor networks at the edge such as on the hospital premises to collect and process critical
information locally. For these sensor networks at the edge, LPWAN connectivity is a more viable option.
Personal Area Network (PAN) and Local Area Network (LAN)
For local connectivity in homes and enterprises, Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® technologies (based on IEEE 802.11
standards) and Bluetooth Low Energy are common options. 802.15.4-based technologies (including Zigbee®,
ISA100.11a, 6LoWPAN, WirelessHART®, and Z-Wave®) support enterprise IoT applications such as asset and
resource
tracking.
Just like cable and fiber optic broadband solutions, 5G fixed broadband and cellular networks should complement
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. 3GPP’s Release 16 will include the 5G New Radio (NR)–Unlicensed standard, which supports
existing 5 and 6GHz ("greenfield") unlicensed frequency bands. One of the promising use cases of the 5G
unlicensed spectrum will be "Wi-Fi-like" private networks in enterprises, large stadiums, and malls.
Satellite
In the connectivity ecosystem, while satellite technologies offer high bandwidth and reliability, they are
expensive. As such, satellite serves only niche use cases. Onboard connectivity in aircraft, on freights, and on
fleets using Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking across oceans, remote locations, underserved areas, and
disaster zones, where mobile networks can fail, are some of the scenarios in which satellites are useful.
Satellite connectivity can augment 5G wireless to offer ubiquitous connectivity, by extending the coverage of 5G
networks in areas where cellular connectivity is not feasible because of economic and other locational
constraints.
Cellular: 4G-LTE
4G-LTE started rolling out in 2009, and in pre-5G days, it is the most advanced cellular technology available,
with a peak rate of up to 1Gbps and latencies of 30 to 70 milliseconds (ms). With its 10Gbps data rates and less
than a 1ms latency, 5G wireless is poised to evolve cellular networks into super-fast, responsive,
power-efficient sources of connectivity.
Deployment of 4G networks is still in progress around the globe. It will take some time before 5G networks reach
ubiquity and for 5G chipsets and devices to reach the market on a commercial scale. Use cases that do not
require an ultra-high throughput and ultra-low latencies can continue to use 4G even after 5G has been rolled
out. The 5G NR standard is designed to overlap and coexist with the 4G core network. So, at least from a
technical design standpoint, compatibility has been built into 4G and 5G wireless-based cellular services.
Conclusion
The accelerated deployment and implementation of 5G on a global scale should continue in 2021 with North America
closely followed by Europe and East Asia leading the way. Nearly every country in southeast Asia and South
America mirrors this trend by investing heavily in 5G technology. At this rapid pace of deployment, 5G coverage
could soon reach more than 50 percent in certain countries. 5G communications translates to more than faster
uploads and download speeds for smartphones, delivering lower communication latency in everything from connected
cars to IoT devices to real-time control of medical robots performing remote medical procedures.
Sravani
Bhattacharjee has been a Data
Communications technologist for over 20 years. She is the author of "Practical Industrial IoT Security," the
first released book on Industrial IoT security. As a technology leader at Cisco till 2014, Sravani led the
architectural planning and product roadmap of several Enterprise Cloud/Datacenter solutions. As the principal of
Irecamedia.com, Sravani currently collaborates with Industrial IoT innovators to drive awareness and business
decisions by producing a variety of editorial and technical marketing content. Sravani has a Master's degree in
Electronics Engineering. She is a member of the IEEE IoT Chapter, a writer, and a speaker.
